Haseeb Ullah

  Malaria  is caused by a parasite that destroys red blood cells and is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes , Usually, mosquito’s bites late in the evening or at night. The primary causative agent of malaria is the protozoan Plasmodium , which includes several species such as 1.        Plasmodium vivax 2.        P. malariae 3.        P. falciparum 4.        P. ovale 5.        P. knowlesi Life Cycle: 1. The Plasmodium parasite initially infects female Anopheles mosquitoes . 2. Infected mosquitoes then transmit saliva containing sporozoites into the human bloodstream during a bite. 3. Sporozoites travel to the liver, reproduce asexually, and emerge as merozoites. 4. Merozoites invade red blood cells (RBCs) and form trophozoites , initiating a cycle of asexual reproduction. 5. Trophozoites develop into merozoites , causing RBCs to burst and release more parasites. 6. Some trophozoites develop into gametocytes, which are ingested by non-infected mosq

  Amoebiasis is a disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica , leading to ulcers in the large intestine. Mode of Transmission: The disease spreads through the fecal-oral route , primarily via contaminated water, food, flies , or through contact with contaminated hands. Life Cycle: Entamoeba cysts are present in the environment and then enter the body through ingestion. 1. Cysts undergo nuclear duplication. 2. The nucleus quadruplicates . 3. Multiplication begins through division. 4. The fourth stage involves the transformation into trophozoites . 5. Trophozoites undergo binary division . 6. The pre-cyst stage precedes cyst formation . Symptoms: Symptoms typically manifest 1-4 weeks after infection, including: ·          Diarrhea ·          Presence of blood in stool ·          Abdominal cramps and pain Diagnosis: - Trophozoites observed in a Stool Examination . - Cysts are identifiable in Sting Test of Stool . Treatment: Common treatments inc