Haseeb Ullah

  Nematodes (Helminths): Lifecycle in Humans, Diagnosis, and Treatment   Definition Nematodes (Roundworms)   Phylum: Nematoda   Characteristics:    Cylindrical, elongated, unsegmented bodies   Habitats:    Soil, Water, Parasitic environments (plants and animals, including humans) Lifecycle in Humans 1. Ingestion/Penetration: Ingest eggs/larvae via food, water, soil; some penetrate skin. 2. Larval Migration: Larvae move through tissues (e.g., lungs, intestines). 3. Adult Stage: Mature in specific body locations (e.g., intestines, lymphatics). 4. Reproduction : Adults reproduce; eggs excreted in feces or remain in tissues. 5. Environmental Stage : Eggs/larvae develop in environment; become infectious. Ascaris lumbricoides Example 1. Ingestion: Ingest eggs via contaminated food/water. 2. Hatching: Eggs hatch in intestines. 3. Migration: Larvae move to lungs, then throat, swallowed back to intestines. 4. Maturation: Mature into adults in intest

   Definition Nematodes, also known as roundworms, are a diverse group of helminths (parasitic worms) belonging to the phylum Nematoda. They are characterized by their cylindrical, elongated, and unsegmented bodies. Nematodes can inhabit a variety of environments, including soil, water, and as parasites in plants and animals, including humans.   Lifecycle in Humans The lifecycle of parasitic nematodes in humans can vary depending on the species. Here is an overview of the lifecycle stages for common human infecting nematodes: 1. Ingestion or Penetration: Humans can become infected by ingesting nematode eggs or larvae through contaminated food, water, or soil. Some species penetrate the skin directly. 2. Larval Migration: Once inside the human body, larvae migrate through different tissues. For instance, hookworm larvae penetrate the skin, enter the bloodstream, and travel to the lungs. From there, they ascend the respiratory tract, are swallowed, and reach the intestines.

  Trypanosoma Cruzi Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma Cruzi (also known as American Trypanosomiasis). Life Cycle Clinical Findings: ·          Acute: Fever, Swollen lymph nodes, Facial edema, Hepato-splenomegaly ·          Chronic: Myocarditis, Heart failure, enlarged esophagus, enlarged colon, Nerve damage        Symptoms         Fever,  Fatigue,  Body aches, Headaches. Rash. Loss of appetite. Diarrhea. Vomiting.   Diagnosis   ·          Wet preparation for motile trypanosomes ·          Thick and thin smear ·          Bone marrow staining ·          Muscle biopsy   Treatment   ·          Nifurtimox ·          Benznidazole Trypanosoma Gambiense and Rhodesiense These organisms cause sleeping sickness (African Trypanosomiasis), transmitted by the tsetse fly .   Life Cycle   Symptoms: Headache, Malaise, Weakness, Fatigue, Pruritus, Arthralgia   Diagnosis   Microscopy of lymph node aspirate, blood, or CSF.   Treatment   ·   

  Amoebiasis is a disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica , leading to ulcers in the large intestine. Mode of Transmission: The disease spreads through the fecal-oral route , primarily via contaminated water, food, flies , or through contact with contaminated hands. Life Cycle: Entamoeba cysts are present in the environment and then enter the body through ingestion. 1. Cysts undergo nuclear duplication. 2. The nucleus quadruplicates . 3. Multiplication begins through division. 4. The fourth stage involves the transformation into trophozoites . 5. Trophozoites undergo binary division . 6. The pre-cyst stage precedes cyst formation . Symptoms: Symptoms typically manifest 1-4 weeks after infection, including: ·          Diarrhea ·          Presence of blood in stool ·          Abdominal cramps and pain Diagnosis: - Trophozoites observed in a Stool Examination . - Cysts are identifiable in Sting Test of Stool . Treatment: Common treatments inc