Haseeb Ullah

  Thrombotic and Thrombocytopenic Purpura Definition: TTP occurs in familial or acquired forms. Pathogenesis: Deficiency of ADAMTS13 metalloprotease leads to ULVWF multimers. Causes: Familial forms involve ADAMTS13 mutations; Acquired forms result from inhibitory IgG autoantibodies. Clinical Features: Pentad of symptoms: thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, neurological abnormalities, renal failure, fever. Treatment: Plasma exchange with FFP or cry supernatant, rituximab, alacizumab, and immunosuppressive therapies. TTP is type of Thrombocytopenia mean platelets count decrease its normal count. TTP is rare blood disorder characterized by clotting in small blood vessels (Thromboses) but unnecessary clot   resulting in a low platelet count . Normally clotting present in tissue & vessels injury . In TTP, Patient have defect in   (ADAMTS13) enzyme. ( For clearing the VWF multimers) Normally Gene to code for different protein. ADAMTS13

  Trypanosoma Cruzi Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma Cruzi (also known as American Trypanosomiasis). Life Cycle Clinical Findings: ·          Acute: Fever, Swollen lymph nodes, Facial edema, Hepato-splenomegaly ·          Chronic: Myocarditis, Heart failure, enlarged esophagus, enlarged colon, Nerve damage        Symptoms         Fever,  Fatigue,  Body aches, Headaches. Rash. Loss of appetite. Diarrhea. Vomiting.   Diagnosis   ·          Wet preparation for motile trypanosomes ·          Thick and thin smear ·          Bone marrow staining ·          Muscle biopsy   Treatment   ·          Nifurtimox ·          Benznidazole Trypanosoma Gambiense and Rhodesiense These organisms cause sleeping sickness (African Trypanosomiasis), transmitted by the tsetse fly .   Life Cycle   Symptoms: Headache, Malaise, Weakness, Fatigue, Pruritus, Arthralgia   Diagnosis   Microscopy of lymph node aspirate, blood, or CSF.   Treatment   ·   

  Malaria  is caused by a parasite that destroys red blood cells and is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes , Usually, mosquito’s bites late in the evening or at night. The primary causative agent of malaria is the protozoan Plasmodium , which includes several species such as 1.        Plasmodium vivax 2.        P. malariae 3.        P. falciparum 4.        P. ovale 5.        P. knowlesi Life Cycle: 1. The Plasmodium parasite initially infects female Anopheles mosquitoes . 2. Infected mosquitoes then transmit saliva containing sporozoites into the human bloodstream during a bite. 3. Sporozoites travel to the liver, reproduce asexually, and emerge as merozoites. 4. Merozoites invade red blood cells (RBCs) and form trophozoites , initiating a cycle of asexual reproduction. 5. Trophozoites develop into merozoites , causing RBCs to burst and release more parasites. 6. Some trophozoites develop into gametocytes, which are ingested by non-infected mosq

  Trichomoniasis Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Trichomonas vaginalis . When Trichomonas vaginalis enters the body through the vagina, it begins to damage the epithelial cells upon contact. As a result, the parasite releases cytotoxic chemicals, which increase the pH of the vagina. Mode of Transmission       Present in vaginal fluids of females/prostatic fluids of males      Transmitted through sexual intercourse Symptoms            Mostly asymptomatic           Unusual secretion from the vagina           Lower abdomen pain           Painful urination           Vaginal discharge           Abnormal vaginal odor           Vaginal bleeding           Vaginal itching           Onset: 4-28 days           70% are asymptomatic Diagnosis           Urine for culture and sensitivity           Vaginal discharge for culture and sensitivity           Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT), PCR Prevention           Avoiding sex s

  Amoebiasis is a disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica , leading to ulcers in the large intestine. Mode of Transmission: The disease spreads through the fecal-oral route , primarily via contaminated water, food, flies , or through contact with contaminated hands. Life Cycle: Entamoeba cysts are present in the environment and then enter the body through ingestion. 1. Cysts undergo nuclear duplication. 2. The nucleus quadruplicates . 3. Multiplication begins through division. 4. The fourth stage involves the transformation into trophozoites . 5. Trophozoites undergo binary division . 6. The pre-cyst stage precedes cyst formation . Symptoms: Symptoms typically manifest 1-4 weeks after infection, including: ·          Diarrhea ·          Presence of blood in stool ·          Abdominal cramps and pain Diagnosis: - Trophozoites observed in a Stool Examination . - Cysts are identifiable in Sting Test of Stool . Treatment: Common treatments inc