Haseeb Ullah

Toxoplasma: Its Life Cycle, Symptoms, and Prevention Life cycle   Definitive Host: Domestic cats and other felines.   Intermediate Hosts : Humans and other mammals. Cycle in Cats: 1. Cats ingest cysts (e.g., from raw meat like mice). 2. Cysts release bradyzoites in the small intestine. 3. Bradyzoites infect mucosal cells and differentiate into gametocytes. 4. Gametocytes fuse to form oocysts. 5. Oocysts are excreted in cat feces. Human Infection: 1. Ingestion of cysts via:     Undercooked meat     Accidental contact with cat feces 2. Cysts rupture in the small intestine, releasing forms that invade the gut wall. 3. Forms differentiate into tachyzoites (rapidly multiplying trophozoites). 4. Tachyzoites infect various tissues (e.g., brain, muscle). 5. Tachyzoites transform into bradyzoites, forming tissue cysts. Transmission:   Contaminated soil with cat feces ingested inadvertently.   Consumption of undercooked meat from animals grazing in contam

  Definition Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a parasitic protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis, a disease transmitted through the ingestion of cysts in uncooked meat or food contaminated by cat feces. Life cycle The life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii involves various hosts and environments. Cats, as definitive hosts, play a crucial role in completing the parasite's sexual cycle. Oocysts shed in the feces of infected animals can be ingested by other hosts. Once ingested, oocysts transform into tachyzoites, which spread to different tissues via the bloodstream. Toxoplasmosis, caused by T. gondii, can also be transmitted through various means such as ingestion of raw or undercooked meat, congenital transfer, blood transfusion, or tissue transplant. Pathogenesis & Epidemiology Toxoplasma gondii is primarily acquired through the ingestion of cysts present in uncooked meat or food contaminated with cat feces. Transplacental transmission from an infected mother to the fetus is also

  Malaria  is caused by a parasite that destroys red blood cells and is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes , Usually, mosquito’s bites late in the evening or at night. The primary causative agent of malaria is the protozoan Plasmodium , which includes several species such as 1.        Plasmodium vivax 2.        P. malariae 3.        P. falciparum 4.        P. ovale 5.        P. knowlesi Life Cycle: 1. The Plasmodium parasite initially infects female Anopheles mosquitoes . 2. Infected mosquitoes then transmit saliva containing sporozoites into the human bloodstream during a bite. 3. Sporozoites travel to the liver, reproduce asexually, and emerge as merozoites. 4. Merozoites invade red blood cells (RBCs) and form trophozoites , initiating a cycle of asexual reproduction. 5. Trophozoites develop into merozoites , causing RBCs to burst and release more parasites. 6. Some trophozoites develop into gametocytes, which are ingested by non-infected mosq

  Trichomoniasis Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Trichomonas vaginalis . When Trichomonas vaginalis enters the body through the vagina, it begins to damage the epithelial cells upon contact. As a result, the parasite releases cytotoxic chemicals, which increase the pH of the vagina. Mode of Transmission       Present in vaginal fluids of females/prostatic fluids of males      Transmitted through sexual intercourse Symptoms            Mostly asymptomatic           Unusual secretion from the vagina           Lower abdomen pain           Painful urination           Vaginal discharge           Abnormal vaginal odor           Vaginal bleeding           Vaginal itching           Onset: 4-28 days           70% are asymptomatic Diagnosis           Urine for culture and sensitivity           Vaginal discharge for culture and sensitivity           Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT), PCR Prevention           Avoiding sex s

  Amoebiasis is a disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica , leading to ulcers in the large intestine. Mode of Transmission: The disease spreads through the fecal-oral route , primarily via contaminated water, food, flies , or through contact with contaminated hands. Life Cycle: Entamoeba cysts are present in the environment and then enter the body through ingestion. 1. Cysts undergo nuclear duplication. 2. The nucleus quadruplicates . 3. Multiplication begins through division. 4. The fourth stage involves the transformation into trophozoites . 5. Trophozoites undergo binary division . 6. The pre-cyst stage precedes cyst formation . Symptoms: Symptoms typically manifest 1-4 weeks after infection, including: ·          Diarrhea ·          Presence of blood in stool ·          Abdominal cramps and pain Diagnosis: - Trophozoites observed in a Stool Examination . - Cysts are identifiable in Sting Test of Stool . Treatment: Common treatments inc