Haseeb Ullah

 

  Catalase Test Principle The enzyme catalase facilitates the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Example Staphylococcus Catalase Positive Bubbles appear. Streptococcus Catalase Negative Bubbles not appear. Coagulase Test Principle Coagulase is an enzyme that turns a liquid called fibrinogen into a sticky substance called fibrin. It's used to check if bacteria can make blood clot." Example Coagulase Positive Staphylococcus aureus . Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus epidermidis. Oxidase Test Principle The oxidase test identifies the presence of cytochrome c oxidase enzyme in bacteria. Or the oxidase test is to detect the presence of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase in bacteria. This enzyme is involved in the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration and catalyses the oxidation of cytochrome c by molecular oxygen. Example Oxidase Positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Oxidase Negative E. coli . Urease Test Pr

  Q12: What does transport media contain? Transport media typically consist of buffers and salt only, devoid of nutritional ingredients such as carbon, nitrogen, or organic growth factors to inhibit microbial growth. Addition of antibiotics and substances like glycerol may occur for transporting specimens for tissue culture. Q13: What samples are collected in the transport medium? Transport media are used for various sample types potentially harboring pathogens that cannot be processed immediately. Examples include stool, urethral swabs, nasal and throat swabs, and specimens for tissue culture. Q14: Using preservatives in medications is necessary for which two main reasons? Preventing Microbial Contamination: Preservatives are essential additives in medications to hinder the growth and proliferation of microorganisms. This prevents inadvertent contamination during manufacturing, storage, or usage, ensuring medication stability and safety. Maintaining Product Stability: Preservatives s

 Q 1: How can I be infected at work? • Avoid contact between mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth) and infected blood or body fluids. • Prevent contact between broken or damaged skin and infected blood or body fluids. • Be cautious of injuries with contaminated needles or sharps. Q2: What about between lab spaces? When moving materials or equipment between labs or buildings: • Utilize secondary containment like a bucket whenever possible. • Follow the "one glove policy" - wear one glove to handle materials and keep one hand ungloved for opening doors, pushing elevator buttons, etc. • If handling with one hand isn't feasible, use a cart or ask a lab mate for assistance. Q3: What to do if you have an exposure? • Cease work immediately and notify others in your vicinity. • If there's a splash or spill, wash the exposed area with soap and water for 15 minutes; irrigate mucous membranes with water for 15 minutes. • Seek medical attention if necessary

  Trypanosoma Cruzi Chagas disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma Cruzi (also known as American Trypanosomiasis). Life Cycle Clinical Findings: ·          Acute: Fever, Swollen lymph nodes, Facial edema, Hepato-splenomegaly ·          Chronic: Myocarditis, Heart failure, enlarged esophagus, enlarged colon, Nerve damage        Symptoms         Fever,  Fatigue,  Body aches, Headaches. Rash. Loss of appetite. Diarrhea. Vomiting.   Diagnosis   ·          Wet preparation for motile trypanosomes ·          Thick and thin smear ·          Bone marrow staining ·          Muscle biopsy   Treatment   ·          Nifurtimox ·          Benznidazole Trypanosoma Gambiense and Rhodesiense These organisms cause sleeping sickness (African Trypanosomiasis), transmitted by the tsetse fly .   Life Cycle   Symptoms: Headache, Malaise, Weakness, Fatigue, Pruritus, Arthralgia   Diagnosis   Microscopy of lymph node aspirate, blood, or CSF.   Treatment   ·   

  Malaria  is caused by a parasite that destroys red blood cells and is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes , Usually, mosquito’s bites late in the evening or at night. The primary causative agent of malaria is the protozoan Plasmodium , which includes several species such as 1.        Plasmodium vivax 2.        P. malariae 3.        P. falciparum 4.        P. ovale 5.        P. knowlesi Life Cycle: 1. The Plasmodium parasite initially infects female Anopheles mosquitoes . 2. Infected mosquitoes then transmit saliva containing sporozoites into the human bloodstream during a bite. 3. Sporozoites travel to the liver, reproduce asexually, and emerge as merozoites. 4. Merozoites invade red blood cells (RBCs) and form trophozoites , initiating a cycle of asexual reproduction. 5. Trophozoites develop into merozoites , causing RBCs to burst and release more parasites. 6. Some trophozoites develop into gametocytes, which are ingested by non-infected mosq

  Trichomoniasis Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Trichomonas vaginalis . When Trichomonas vaginalis enters the body through the vagina, it begins to damage the epithelial cells upon contact. As a result, the parasite releases cytotoxic chemicals, which increase the pH of the vagina. Mode of Transmission       Present in vaginal fluids of females/prostatic fluids of males      Transmitted through sexual intercourse Symptoms            Mostly asymptomatic           Unusual secretion from the vagina           Lower abdomen pain           Painful urination           Vaginal discharge           Abnormal vaginal odor           Vaginal bleeding           Vaginal itching           Onset: 4-28 days           70% are asymptomatic Diagnosis           Urine for culture and sensitivity           Vaginal discharge for culture and sensitivity           Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT), PCR Prevention           Avoiding sex s

  Giardiasis caused by Giardia lamblia, results in infection in the colon. Mode of Transmission: ·           Fecal-oral route ·           Ingestion of contaminated food or water Life Cycle Symptoms: ·           Abdominal pain ·           Cramps ·           Diarrhea ·           Nausea ·           Weight loss ·           Release of gases ·           Bloating ·           Fatigue Diagnosis: Stool for routine  examination:Cysts Treatment: 1.         Metronidazole 2.         Tinidazole               Nitroimidazole  

  Amoebiasis is a disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica , leading to ulcers in the large intestine. Mode of Transmission: The disease spreads through the fecal-oral route , primarily via contaminated water, food, flies , or through contact with contaminated hands. Life Cycle: Entamoeba cysts are present in the environment and then enter the body through ingestion. 1. Cysts undergo nuclear duplication. 2. The nucleus quadruplicates . 3. Multiplication begins through division. 4. The fourth stage involves the transformation into trophozoites . 5. Trophozoites undergo binary division . 6. The pre-cyst stage precedes cyst formation . Symptoms: Symptoms typically manifest 1-4 weeks after infection, including: ·          Diarrhea ·          Presence of blood in stool ·          Abdominal cramps and pain Diagnosis: - Trophozoites observed in a Stool Examination . - Cysts are identifiable in Sting Test of Stool . Treatment: Common treatments inc